ANALYTICAL

Text Exposition aims to provide opinions / ideas / opinions / arguments the author will be a case / topic / problem / phenomenon. There are two fariations in Text Exposition.

1. Analytical Exposition

In Analytical Exposition the authors present their views / ideas / opinions / opinions. A topic or phenomenon or concern concerning perjudapat, reviews or explanations or descriptions or data amplifier. Without raising the effort to influence / persuade the reader to have a pro-contra attitude toward something. Analytical Exposition is also known as Argumentative.

Generic structure of Analytical Exposition

Thesis: The author's opinion statement will be a case / phenomenon

Argument: Consists of points or core problems / comparisons or issues of concern and elaboration. Consists of points or core problems. Explanation or exposure of the point.

Reiteration: Reinforcement of statements1

Language Elements used Text Analytical Exposition

General noun misilnya pollution, car

Abstract noun for example policy, government

Jargon eg species, mammal

Modals for example must, should

Evaluative language eg important, valuable

Passive sentence

2. Hortatory Exposition

Text Hortatory Exposition aims to offer views / ideas / opinions / opinions to influence / persuade the reader to have a pro-contra attitude towards something and or invite the reader to do something. Hortatory Exposition is also known as Persuasive

Generic structure of hortatory Exposition

Thesis: the author's opinion statement will be a case / phenomenon or issue matter in question

Argument: the reason why there is concern and influence on suggestions or recommendations

Re-Commendation: a statement about where or not something should be or should be done.

Linguistic Element Text Hortatory Exposition

Abstract noun eg police, government

Jargon eg species, mammal

Modals for example must, should

Evaluative language such as important, valuable

Passive sentence

Thinking verb for example I believe, I think

Example;

Analytical Exposition

Thesis

In Australia there are three levels of government, the federal government. All of it levels of government are necessary. This is so for a number of reviews.

Argument

First, the federal government is necessary for the big things. They keep the economy in order and look after things like defense. Similarly, the state government look after the middle-sized things. For example they look after low and order, preventing things like vandalism in schools. Finally, local government look after the small things. They look after things like collecting rubbish, otherwise everyone would have diseases.

Reiteration

Thus, for the above reasons we can conclude that the three levels of government are necessary.

Hortatory Exposition

Thesis In all the discussion on the removal of lead from petrol (and the atmosphere)

Argument While I realized my leaded petrol car is polluting the water wherever I drive, I feel that when you travel through the county, where you are City roads.

Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners do not seem to appreciate that, in the country, there is no public transport to fall back on and one's own vehicle is the only way to get about.

Re-commendation I feel that country people, who often spend a lot of money on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE (ADJECTIVE)

1. Who: Behave the word person {she, he}

2. Whom: Behave the word people {me, you, her, him, than, us, it}

3. Whose: Behave the word person {her, his, my, your, our, their, its}

4. Which: Being a noun {me, you, her, their, us, it}

Example

Who

I thanked the woman. She helped me

I thanked the woman. Who helped me

Whom

The man was Mr. Jones. I saw him

The man whom was was Jones I raw

The people were very nice. We visited than yesterday

The people were very nice. Whom we visited yesterday

Whose

I apologized the woman. I spelled her coffee

I apologized the woman Whose I spelled coffee

I know the man His bicycle was stolen

I know the man Whose bicycle was stolen

Which

The book was good. I red it

The book which I red was good

The move was not very good. We say it last night

The move was not very good which we say last night.

CONDITIONAL

The conditional pattern is a conditional sentence form characterized by the presence of the word if / when, which is generally expressed by the word IF. There are two broad categories of conditional patterns: The real (factual and nabiutral) and unreal (centrary to the fact).

The real conditional better known as the futication term, is a daydream pattern that states something has a chance to happen when certain conditions are met then called conditional type 1.

The unreal type is a pattern of daydreams that is a denial of the fact that it will happen or is happening now better known as the present conditional or conditional type 2.

And the two daydreams that contradict what actually happened is better known as past conditional or conditional type 3.

1. Future Conditional (Conditional Type 1)

The presupposition states that something may happen in the future or now, if certain conditions or conditions are met. Conditional type 1 is formed by simple present series as sub-clause and simple futures as

Main clause.

If + subject 1 + present + subject 2 + [will / can / may / must] + verb 1 (simple form)

Example

1. If you come with me for a jogride to night, you will have a great fun.

2. You must study hard, if you want to enter favorite university

"If" In the above pattern can be wiped / removed without changing the meaning by changing the pattern structure in the inverse form

Should + subject 1 + simple form + subject 2 + [will / can / may / must] + verb 1 (simple form)

Example

~ If you come with me for a jogride to night, you will have a gread fun

~ Should you want to enter favorite university, you must study hard

2. Present Conditional (Conditional Type 2)

This presupposes something contrary to what is / is happening now / lately.

If + subject 1 + simple past + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + verb 1 / be

Example

1. If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this week and

2. He would tell you about, it if he were here

"If" by using to be "were" in the above pattern can be wiped / removed without changing the meaning by changing the pattern structure into inversion.

Were + subject 1 + adjective + noun + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + verb / be

Example

~ Were I to have time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend

~ Were he here, he would tell you about it

3. Past Conditional (Conditional Type 3)

This presupposes something contrary to what has happened in the past

If + subject 1 + past perfect + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + have + verb 3 / been

Example

1. If I had known you were there, I would have writen you a letter

2. If you had asked me I would, have told you the whole story

The inverse form (without using the word "if") for this type is

Had + subject 1 + verb 3 / been + subject 2 + [would / could / might] + have + verb 3 / been

Example

~ Had I known you were there, I would have written you a letter

~ Had you asked me I would have told you the whole story

Example of Conditional

1. If I were in town, I would go

I do not were in town, pn i would not go

2. If I had known you were, I would come to have you.

I do not have known you were, so I would not have come to have you.

SPOOF

Goal / purpose

Toretell / to tell funny story

The structures

Orientation: Introduction of time, character and place.

Event: Genesis.

Twist: Unexpected or funny ending.

Information

In one Sroof text, multiple events can occur.

Example:

Tittel Penguin in the par

Orientation Once a man was walking in a park when he came a class a penguin.

Event 1

He got him to a policeman and said. "I have just Found this penguin what should? Do? "

The policeman replied "take him to the zoo.

Event 2

The next day the policeman saw the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked. "Why are you still earring that penguin about?" "I Certainly did" Repaired the man.

Twist

And it was great idea I am taking him to the movies.

WOULD RATHER ... (THAN), (WOULD) PREFER TO RATHER THAN PREFER SOME THINGT SOME THING.

'Would rather' means: Would prefer to (prefer).

Example

A- I would rather have an ice cream than milk shake.

B- Would you rather have ice cream or milk shake?

C- I would prefer to have ice cream rather than milk shakes

D- I would rather not have anything

E- Do you want to eat out? 'No I'd rather not'

F- I would prefer to eat out rather than go / to go / going to the movies

Information

1} In the Tanya sentence we use or to introduce an option, whereas in passive sentences that use would rather we use than.

2} we use rather than with would prefer + to invinitive.

3} For negative sentence. We add notes after would rather / would prefer and before the main verb so the sentence

- I would rather not have ice cream

- I would prefer not to have ice cream

4} we use

Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + infinitive

Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + to infinitive

Would prefer + to infinitive + rather than + V ing (in example f above)

5} We say 'I'd rather not' as a short answer. We use prefer in the following way

~ Prefer to + infinitive + rather than + infinitive / to infinitive / verb / ing

I prefer to swim rather than play / to play / playing basket ball

~ Prefer + verb + ing + to + verb + ing

I prefer swimming to playing basketball

~ Prefer + verb + ing + rather than + verb + ing

I prefer swimming rather than playing basketball

~ Prefer + something + to + something

I prefer tea to coffee

A} "Rather than" in the above sentence may be replaced by instead of but the verb that follows 'instead of' must be in the form of Verb + ing

Example

I prefer to stay at home instead of going out

B} "rather than" can be followed by infinitive, to infinitive or verb + ing, but its use is better adjusted to the previous verb

C} If we prefer someone to do something we declare it with prefer: I prefer you to do it for me.

(Prefer + somebody + to + infinitive)

D} With would rather (some of the + body + the past form) - I'd rather you did it for me

- I'd rather you did not smoke

ADVERB

A. Adverb of manner (adverb of way)

The words included in the adverb of manner are:

Best: best of the best

Better: the better, the healthier, the better

Calmly: calmly

Carefully: carefully, thoroughly

Carelesly: carelessly, rashly, without responsibility

Early: early in the morning

Fast: fast

Faster: faster

Grandually: gradually

Hard: hard, bushy, sharp

Harder: harder, late, and sharper

Hurrledly: in a hurry, rushed

Late: too late

Well: well, far, right

Example

A. I am Felling better today

B. She is the best language spanis in the class

C. He driver carefully every where

B. Adverb of place (description of place)

Words included in the adverb of place include:

Above: Above

Abroad: Overseas, with wide, spread, spread

Below: Below, down

Down town: City

Far: Far away

Gance: From here

Here: Here

Inside: Inside

Near: Out, out

Thence: From There

There: There, there, there

Example

A. She lives above tree

B. They go to abroad every year

C. We go to down town

C. adverb of definite time

Words included in the adverb of definite time include:

A few days Ag: A few days ago

A few minutes Ag: Just a moment ago

At the moment: Right now

Farmerly: In the past, it was

In the past: In the past

Last night: Last night

Now: now

Right now: right now

The other day: a few days ago, recently

Tomorrow: tomorrow

To nigh: tonight

Yesterday: yesterday

Example

A. I met than a few days ago

B. They finished their work a few minutes ago

C. I lived in bandung formerly

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Used to declare an act that happened in the past in an unspecified time (the time form is completed now).

S + have / has + V3 + O

Information

Have to subject them, we, I, youhas for the subject she, he, it

Example

1. They have cathee this morning

2. Dedi has antihu pencil in the market.

Preference

Used to express a comparison

... .. like ... .. better than ... ..

... .. prefer ... .. to ... ..

... .. would rather ... .. than ....

1. I like coffee batter than tea

(Like) (from)

2. Eka prefer fried rice to fried noodle

(Preferably) (rather than)

3. siti would rather ice than milkshake